The Global Impacts of the Black Death

The Black Death was one of the worst pandemics in human history. In the 14th century, at least 75 million people on three continents perished due to the painful, highly contagious disease. Originating from fleas on rodents in China, the â€Å"Great Pestilence† spread westward and spared few regions. In Europe’s cities, hundreds died daily and their bodies were usually thrown into mass graves. The plague devastated towns, rural communities, families, and religious institutions. Following centuries of a rise in population, the world’s population experienced a catastrophic reduction and would not be replenished for more than one hundred years. Origins and Path of the Black Death Science of the Black Death Types and Symptoms of the Plague Death Toll Estimates of the Black Death Unexpected Economic Benefit of the Black Death Cultural and Social Beliefs and Changes of the Black Death Scourge Spread Across the World The Black Death of the 14th century was a tremendous interrupter of worldwide population growth. The bubonic plague still exists, although it can now be treated with antibiotics. Fleas and their unknowing human carriers traveled across a hemisphere and infected one person after another. Survivors of this swift menace seized the opportunities that arose from altered social and economic structures. Although humanity will never know the exact death toll, researchers will continue to study the epidemiology and history of the plague to ensure that this horror never happens again.

She Left Me Blind And Starving - 1098 Words

She left me blind and starving. It was 2001, and unlike most infants, I was left waiting, hoping to find a family. Not only was I malnourished, I was also starving for answers. I couldn’t see what happiness was, or if love existed. My life has changed so much since I won the lottery. Since I won my family. My mom got me a book when I was about four called Adoption Is for Always. This was the first step in teaching me about my past. We used to read this book together before I went to sleep. I sure did love that book. Back then, I didn’t really understand what adoption meant, I just looked at my mom smiling, and smiled with her. It wasn’t always like that. My parents told me that when I was a baby, I never smiled. When my parents used to smile and wave toys in front of me, I’d give them a blank stare. I later learned how to smile. As I grew up I started having more and more questions. I wanted to know what my life would’ve been like if I’d never left Russia, or if I hadn’t been put up for adoption. I like to imagine Russia as a great place when it really isn’t. I know this because my mom told me stories of when she used to live in Russia. She told me that Russia is a cold and dangerous place and that I would be living in poverty if I had stayed there with my birthparents. She helped me realize that my birth mother doesn’t need me. That there was a reason she’s never seen my face. By not knowing what I looked like, it was easier for her to leave me. She obviously knew thatShow MoreRelatedThe Drought Of Ancient Israel1538 Words   |  7 Pagesprey which is considered unclean in the Torah. As the New Interpreter’s Bible notes, â€Å"The Lord provides miraculously and in ways that people might not expect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Due to the drought, the stream Elijah relied on for water in the desert soon went dry and left the prophet with nothing to drink. 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Alvin Ailey and Sociology Free Essays

Jerry Tarn Professor Douglas Kierdorf Social Science 102 April 18th, 2013 Alvin Ailey’s â€Å"Revelations† and Sociology As the world begins to modernize, society develops into what sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies calls a â€Å"Gesellschaft† society. In a Gesellschaft society, people concentrate only on themselves and build relationships mostly based on the possible monetary gains. Because people are so focused on money, matters that do not possess any monetary value tend to be discarded as insignificant or unworthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Alvin Ailey and Sociology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Subjects such as the arts are often seen as unnecessary, excess, and impractical. However, what people fail to realize, is that art is in fact an integral part of humanity. Art can provide deep insights into our society, revealing both its positive and negative aspects in the most genuine form. Dance? a physical expression of art? is one of the many methods people uses to portray the various characteristics of society. Alvin Ailey’s signature work: â€Å"Revelations†, produced in 1960, is a prime example that reflected and exposed the social changes that were occurring during that era. The 1960s was marked as a time of great change as it was the era when America began to transform into an increasingly modern society. There were significant improvements in science (and technology exemplified by the start of the space exploration), which greatly changed how people lived and viewed the world. However, the most important changes were probably societal ones, namely the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was categorized by African Americans expressing their dissatisfactions with the injustices that they had to endure in past century. Although African Americans were liberated from slavery after the Civil War, they still had to deal with the inequality of racial segregation. Under those laws, African Americans had to face disadvantages such as (but not limited to): lack of voting rights, inferior quality of facilities, and unequal treatment under law. In sociological terms, there was little social mobility, institutionalized discrimination, and communities were racially stratified. It was not until the 1960s that the nonviolent protests and public civil disobediences of African Americans began to gain prominence and produce effect. In 1960, one of the many famous acts of civil disobedience, the â€Å"Greensboro Sit-Ins† occurred. The sit-ins consisted of multiple instances of nonviolent protests at the Woolworth Store in Greensboro, North Carolina by local African American students. After repeated protests and growing tensions, the store finally desegregated its services. Coincidently, Ailey’s â€Å"Revelations† was produced in the same year that the protests occurred. Although there wasn’t a direct correlation between the Greensboro protests and the creation of Ailey’s dance, the production of Ailey’s dance was nevertheless a sign of social change. When Ailey’s dance company first performed, they changed the entire dynamic of American Dance Theater as African American way of life was finally represented by African Americans instead of by proxies of Caucasian dancers. The ability of African American dancers to represent their own culture shows the social change of the transfer of authority (of the dance theater industry) from the dominant group to the minority group. Another way that Ailey’s dance company signified social change was its integration of different ethnic groups. Following in the footsteps of his mentor, Lester Horton, Ailey decided to include dancers of different races into his dance company in 1962. Ailey’s practice of what sociologists termed â€Å"ethnic pluralism† was another sign of social change. Besides evidencing social change, â€Å"Revelations† also reflected the various elements of American society. The dance itself was able to show these elements through the contents of the plot, which was divided into three sections: â€Å"Pilgrim of Sorrow†, â€Å"Take Me to the Water†, and â€Å"Move Members, Move†. The first section, â€Å"Pilgrims of Sorrow† is about the sufferings of African Americans during the slavery era. The story depicts African Americans toiling through hard labor as slaves and trying to use song as an outlet for relief. Ailey also incorporates the song â€Å"I’ve been ‘Buked†, by Hall Johnson, to accentuate the agony and frustrations of African Americans. The reason why Ailey brought back stories of extreme hardship is perhaps he wanted to remind Americans how much pain African Americans had to go through. He wanted to emphasize how important it was for people to realize the need for the abolishment of segregation. Ailey also probably felt that because America’s history of racial inequality has existed for such a long time, African Americans have become what William Wilson calls the â€Å"permanent underclass†. Even after the Civil Rights Act passed, like W. E. B du Bois described in â€Å"The Philadelphia Negro†, African Americans still face financial disadvantages due to the situations they were put in before the passing of the bill. With the coexistence of people’s constant â€Å"just-world hypothesis† and stubbornness of their cognitive schema, the disadvantages of African Americans will never receive the deserved attention as people will just assume that their misfortunes were brought upon by themselves. This is probably why Ailey recognized the bitter truth that racism will always exist. Slightly different from â€Å"Pilgrims of Sorrow†, â€Å"Take me to the Water† and â€Å"Move Members, Move† conveys a more positive atmosphere as it portrays scenes of baptism and church service. Take me to the Water† depicts a woman by the riverside, ready to get baptized while â€Å"Move Members, Move† depicts a celebratory church scene. These dances are also reflections of American society as it shows the roles of religion. One role of religion was providing comfort to those undergoing hardship. When African Americans went through slavery, they sought comfort in God and prac ticing Christianity. Another role of religion in American society was providing solidarity. Emile Durkheim believed that religion brought unity amongst people and connection between individuals. This is reflected in American society as Christianity, America’s largest religion, underlies the many values in American culture. Another important aspect of Ailey’s dance that is worth mentioning is Ailey’s own life. When he was working on â€Å"Revelations†, a lot of the content was the result of his upbringings. Ailey grew up in rural Texas in the segregation era. At that time, especially in Texas, African Americans lived under constant danger as they not only faced discrimination, but also violence and risks of random lynching. All of these atrocities combined are probably what allowed Ailey to have such strong feelings towards the suffering of the slaves in the first part of his dance. Another influential moment in Alvin Ailey’s life was his exposure to literature. When he studied at universities in California, he learned of the writings of famous African American writers such as Langston Hughes and James Baldwin. In addition to his meeting with Maya Angelou, he perhaps became influenced and meant his performance to be an act to promote civil rights. Another influence of Ailey’s life was his exposure to religion. When he was young, he attended a Southern Baptist church. The songs and hymns that he heard when he went to church was probably influential to his other two dances â€Å"Take me to the Water† and â€Å"Move Members, Move†. This goes to show that what people experience in their childhood greatly influences their social identity as an adult. From Ailey’s background and dance piece, it could be seen that America during the 1960s was dominated by the Caucasian race, had a strong sense of religion (specifically Christianity), and had an unequal society. It was also beginning to advance into a developed society, which explains the rapid social change. To a certain extent, America today still possesses some discrimination towards certain ethnic groups, and equality isn’t exactly fully established in every aspect of the country. Nevertheless, as society progresses, so will its values. There will come a point in the future when all of the negative aspects that society used to possess will change for the better. However, it is important to be aware of the need of social change. One way that social change can be exercised is through art. Art is a highly human expression, and is one of the many methods that can facilitate social change. Works Cited Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre: Origins to 1979†,  International Encyclopedia of Dance, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York: 1979. 54-57. Dunning, Jennifer (1996). Alvin Ailey: A Life In Dance. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, INC. ISBN  0-201-62607-1. Foulkes, Julia L. Modern bodies: Dance and American modernism from Martha Graham to  Alvin  Ailey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 179-184 Kowal, Rebekah J. How to Do Things with Dance : Performing Change in Postwar America (Middletown, CT; Wesleyan University Press, 2010), 1-6 Mitchell, Jack. Alvin  Ailey  American Dance Theater (Kansas City, Mo. : Andrews and McMeel, 1993), 1-25 â€Å"Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-Ins†,  Library of Congress. Retrieved April 15, 2013. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-Ins†,  Library of Congress. Retrieved April 15, 2013. [ 2 ]. Kowal, Rebekah J. How to Do Things with Dance : Performing Change in Postwar America (Middletown, CT; Wesleyan University Press, 2010), 1-6 [ 3 ]. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre: Origins to 1979†,  International Encyclopedia of Dance, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York: 1979. 54-57. [ 4 ]. Mitchell, Jack. Alvin  Ailey  American Dance Theater (Kansas City, Mo. : Andrews and McMeel, 1993), 1-25 [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Foulkes, Julia L. Modern bodies: Dance and American modernism from Martha Graham to  Alvin  Ailey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 179-184 [ 7 ]. Dunning, Jennifer (1996). Alvin Ailey: A Life In Dance. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, INC. ISBN  0-201-62607-1. How to cite Alvin Ailey and Sociology, Papers

Implement Physical Activity Programmes in Clinical Practice

Question: Discuss about the Implement Physical Activity Programmes in Clinical Practice. Answer: Introduction: Physical therapy or physiotherapy is a noble profession in the healthcare sector. It can be defined as the domain of physical medicine as well as rehabilitation specialty. This kind of treatment mainly uses the mechanical force and movements to remediate impairments so that there is promotion in the patients mobility, function and in quality of life (OMahony Blake, 2017). The physical therapist as a profession thereby mainly involves the expert to provide a quality life to his client mainly by the processes of examination, proper diagnosis, prognosis and in various physical interventions. A physical therapist does not only engage himself to clinical practices but can also include activities of various domains like research, consultation, education and even in administration as well( Lefman Sheppard, 2014). These treatments are usually carried out in association of other medical services. Due to its varying scope of practice, many healthcare enthusiasts have liked this as their prof ession for livelihood. The essay will mainly portray a reflection of my experiences that I have gathered as a physiotherapist in the various domains that I have worked. This will in turn help me to look at the various positive as well as the negative aspects of the profession in have faced. This will help me to strengthen the positive aspects and work hard to minimise the weakness that I have faced while practicing my profession. I will mainly use the ORID model of reflection which will help me to reflect myself in a sequential manner and thereby develop my expertise in the field. The First step of the ORID model usually includes the Objective section that usually helps a person to explore his various learning experiences like the different domains and objects that he has covered in his learning, reading and observing procedures in his preparation phase. Within the scope of practice of the physiotherapists, I have been successful enough to develop a detailed knowledge about the assessment of the neuromuscular system along with that of the musco-skeletal system and cardio-respiratory systems. My course work has helped me to prepare myself in properly diagnosing different kinds of diseases along with that of other disorders that remain intricately associated with that of different physical dysfunction, pain and also injury. It has helped to regain different types of experiences that have taught me the different treatments that I can undertake to help my patient get relief from the pain. My responsibility in my professional years will mainly include various inter vention strategies which will help to develop, maintain, rehabilitate and thereby augment function sin the individual clients which will improve their mobility. These scopes are included in the Bill 179 under the Regulatory Health Professions Act Statue Law Amendment Act, Ontario Government 2010. If followed properly, this will not only ensure proper service to humankind but will also help to prevent any sort of legal obligations, which may hamper my reputation as a professional physiotherapist when I would pursue the job (Badia et al., 2014). I have also been able to develop the essential competencies which had helped me to groom myself in such a way which will help me to provide the best service as a professional with very few chances of making any mistakes. It has taught me that as an expert it would be my duty to at first consult with patients so that I can obtain the correct health information from the patient. Once the assessment data is collected by me, I need to assess the d ata and critically analyse the findings so that I can prepare the best intervention plan for my clients. After properly applying my intervention, my responsibility would include the evaluation of the intervention in order to ensure that the intervention had been fruitful for the patient in gaining relief from the pain that he is experiencing. This would help to assess whether any modification of service is essential or not for proper service delivery (Walkeden Walker, 2015). While performing the mentioned steps, I have to make sure also that I become a successful communicator so that I can pay importance to patient satisfaction. I need to properly develop and maintain a rapport with the patient by building a relationship based on trust and ethical and moral virtues. I need to make sure that the patient share information properly so that I can provide the best service. In order to achieve this it is important for me to establish a verbal and also a non verbal communication medium where the patient would not only be comfortable but would also be able to cooperate in the best way. The more the patient engagement in the therapies, the more the physiotherapist would be sure that his interventions will bring out the best results. I would also have to play the role of an efficient collaborator in the healthcare sector where I will be placed. Since physiotherapy often takes place in association with many other interventions in a healthcare setting, I would also have to establish and maintain proper professional relationships. This would be done by proper prevention; managements and resolution of conflicts if the ari se in the healthcare sector (Johnston Beales, 2016). I was also prepared in the best way by my mentors so that I can also perform the responsibility of a manager if I get placed in the administration section of a physiotherapy department. My main responsibility would be to manage individual practices at the same time of supervising the different involved personnel. I would also ensure that every individuals practice safe a as well as effective physiotherapy to their clients. As responsible physiotherapists, my duty would also be a proper advocate in promoting healthcare among individuals, populations and also communities. My mentors have advised us that I must never stagnant myself in learning procedures. I should constantly reflect my practices so that I can gain insights into my strengths and weakness and accordingly modify myself for ensuring my expertise in the field. I would prefer gathering of knowledge throughout my tenure of practice as I believe that no one can ever become so learned to stop gaining new knowledge. I should pre fer evidence based approach in my practices so that in can ensure that the most modern techniques are adapted by me. Moreover as a professional, I should maintain the standards that my profession demands both in legal and ethical domains at the same time of respecting individuals and by contributing the best for the development of physiotherapy in my profession (Synnot et al., 2015). All the important procedures and the scopes that I have studied in my course years will help me to be a successful physiotherapist. This profession is indeed very important in the present society. This is because the modern era has a number of disorders like cystic fibrosis, arthritis and others, which can only be treated by proper methods of physiotherapy only. By successfully studying the subject of physiotherapy, both the society as well as I would reap benefits as both of our aims mainly lie in the welfare of the nation. The next step of the reflective piece would mainly involve the different types of experiences that I have gone through during my course years. This had helped me to gain confidence, as my professor had been extremely happy with my work. In this regard, I would like to portray two important experiences that had made me feel consistent about my knowledge. Our professor, in order to test our critical thinking skill had provided us with case studies in order to see how we would fare in our future if we take up the profession. He gave us a case like that of a patient named Sally who came to a clinic with complaints of pain in the right forearm. She also complained of problems in performing her duties. By saying so the professor asked us our duty that would be as a physiotherapist. Although she had complained in her forearm, I tried to analyse each details of her so that I can find the main source. After critical analysis, something interesting came to be light. I tried to relate my knowle dge with the patients symptoms and understood that she was suffering from neural tension. My professor was very impressed of my critically analysing capability, which in turn helped me to gain confidence. While I was advised by the professor to provide correct treatment methods for her, I tried to apply my both theoretical as well as practical skills and knowledge. I planned intervention, which included muscle strengthening, muscle stretching, upper back strengthening, and neural gliding as well. Such good words from the professor boosted my confidence and made me more enthusiastic for taking up the profession of physiotherapy. My professor also stated that I had followed each step that I need to follow while attending a patient. This response from my professor helped me to be similarly dedicating to every patient and never take any of their problems for granted. I had applied all scopes of practice in my hypothetical treatment plan. All of these criteria were monitored by my profes sor and appreciated my dedication in my profession. I was excited by such kind of challenges that I faced in the case where I had to develop a critical thinking ability. I want to provide my love for the profession for the benefit of humankind and when this accompanies interesting challenges, there would be no scope for boredom. I always prefer such challenging profession. Moreover this profession is also well respected in the society for the relief that it provides to distressed people in pain. Therefore taking such reputable profession as my career would be a dream fulfilment. The next step of the reflection would mainly cover the various cognitive learning experiences that I have gathered in my university years. This step mainly involves the interpretive learning parts in my reflection. I handled an exceptional case that my professor provided to me and to a classmate of mine. He suggested the case, which contained a patient who comes to the clinic. She came with issue of slight incontinence characterised by leakage of urine and urgency (Leaking when a person thinks she need to visit the toilet). It was found that the patient always had to go to the bathroom and even failed to make it in time. My professor asked us to follow the case and come up with interventions. While both of us were even not considering the case to be attended by physiotherapist, my mentor advised that each symptoms shown by the patients can be modified by physiotherapist. However, that would require perseverance to critically analyse each of the symptoms and relating them with the kno wledge acquired by us in our course years. This advice of the professor helped us to evaluate many factors that the patient was suffering from. We learnt to apply our problem solving skills and memory retention capability to each case that come to us without giving up on the first go. Development of thinking skills and our perception of learned material ultimately helped both of us to crack the best treatment that would have healed the patient. We suggested pelvic floor muscle exercise along with deferring techniques and pad types. We also provided her a lot of education about the fluid and dietary requirements. Therefore, this experience helped me to develop my cognitive learning behaviours and taught me to develop my perseverance skill, critically analysing skill, memory retention skill, relating my practise with my knowledge and many others. It also gave me confidence that no interventions are beyond the capability of my profession. I have to be confident, calm, composed and foll ow my inner capabilities to provide the best treatment to my patients. Therefore, from this experience, I have understood that the profession of physiotherapy is highly practical and if it is practiced in an honest manner with best knowledge in the subject, it is able to treat any form of disorder that the human physiology can get affectedby. Due to these reasons, this profession is much respected in my country of Canada. Canada has therefore came up with huge number of sectors having physiotherapy departments as they have came to understand the importance that the profession hold in the present era in healthcare. They have also introduced huge number of placements in these departments, which will help me to get a proper respectable job of a physiotherapist in my own nation. A good physiotherapist with expected skills will always be in high demand and therefore my taking of this profession would help me earn my livelihood well. The last step would mainly include the decisional segment of my reflective piece. This part will mainly help in incorporating the different things that I have learnt in my university years, which would help me to be a professional physiotherapist with the best reputation that would earn me respect. In order to achieve my goal, I have to practise important personality trails and skill that will help me provide the best care to my patients. I need to be initiative, patient, sensitive and tactful while communicating and analysing a patients condition. I need to develop exceptional communicational skills with a proper ability and mentality to work in a team. I need to possess excellent problem solving skills as well as organisational skills. I have to develop my ability to be empathetic, encouraging and be firm. I need to establish good relationship with my patients and their families. I should develop the capability to work under pressure and manage time efficiently. All these would hel p me make a big difference in the life of human beings who are in severe pain with their movements. This profession will give me a scope to act as a rehabilitation specialist, which will help to foster a patients return to maximal function in her life. The profession has the main aim of increasing the patient ability to move, reduce pain, prevent disability and even restore function. This profession is highly contributing to promote health of an individual and promises to give him best life. As a result, such highly dedicating profession would be an honour for me as I have always loved humankind and wanted to dedicate my life for their betterment. Moreover, Canadian population at the present era has a huge percentage of aging individuals who are in dire need of physiotherapy and therefore by taking this profession, I could not only help them but also enjoy job security as well. My love for anatomy and physiology had always pushed me to accept the profession of physiotherapist. I have thereby tried my best to provide the best interventions to the patients who come for my service. The reflective piece has helped me to gain confidence from the experiences that I have gone through and has helped me to develop my perseverance while analysing a case study. It had also helped to revive my memory of the various scopes that my courses provided me with clear clarification of the competencies that I need to achieve in my profession. This reflection had thereby helped me to identify the personality traits that I need to develop in order to be a proper physiotherapist and I believe that my genuine interest in health and well-being of patients will take me a long way. References: Alexanders, J., Anderson, A., Henderson, S. (2015). Musculoskeletal physiotherapists use of psychological interventions: a systematic review of therapists perceptions and practice.Physiotherapy,101(2), 95-102. Badia, M., Riquelme, I., Orgaz, B., Acevedo, R., Longo, E., Montoya, P. (2014). Pain, motor function and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy as reported by their physiotherapists.BMC pediatrics,14(1), 192. Johnston, V., Beales, D. (2016). Enhancing direct access and authority for work capacity certificates to physiotherapists.Manual therapy,25, 100-103. Lefmann, S. A., Sheppard, L. A. (2014). Perceptions of emergency department staff of the role of physiotherapists in the system: a qualitative investigation.Physiotherapy,100(1), 86-91. Morris, J. H., Oliver, T., Kroll, T., Joice, S., Williams, B. (2015). From physical and functional to continuity with pre-stroke self and participation in valued activities: A qualitative exploration of stroke survivors, carers and physiotherapists perceptions of physical activity after stroke.Disability and rehabilitation,37(1), 64-77. OMahony, N., Blake, C. (2017). Musculoskeletal triage: The experiences of advanced practice physiotherapists in Ireland.Physiotherapy Practice and Research,38(1), 7-16. Stubbs, B., Probst, M., Soundy, A., Parker, A., De Herdt, A., De Hert, M., ... Vancampfort, D. (2014). Physiotherapists can help implement physical activity programmes in clinical practice.The British Journal of Psychiatry,204(2), 164-164. Stubbs, B., Soundy, A., Probst, M., De Hert, M., De Herdt, A., Vancampfort, D. (2014). Understanding the role of physiotherapists in schizophrenia: an international perspective from members of the International Organisation of Physical Therapists in Mental Health (IOPTMH).Journal of Mental Health,23(3), 125-129. Synnott, A., OKeeffe, M., Bunzli, S., Dankaerts, W., O'Sullivan, P., O'Sullivan, K. (2015). Physiotherapists may stigmatise or feel unprepared to treat people with low back pain and psychosocial factors that influence recovery: a systematic review.Journal of physiotherapy,61(2), 68-76. Walkeden, S., Walker, K. M. (2015). Perceptions of physiotherapists about their role in health promotion at an acute hospital: a qualitative study.Physiotherapy,101(2), 226-231.

Australopithecus africanus

Introduction Australopithecus africanus is the name given to early hominid that lived between 2 and 3 million years ago (Aiello Dean, 1990). A. Africanus had a slender physique and is often believed to be an immediate ancestor of the present human being. Its â€Å"cranial features resemble those of human beings though the arms are slightly larger than the legs such as in the chimpanzees† (McKee, 2000: 23).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Australopithecus africanus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to McHenry many fossil findings indicate that the hominid had more similarities with modern human beings than A. afarensis. Australopithecus africanus â€Å"had a cranial capacity of between 435cc and 530 cc† (1998: 5). The males of this species are believed to have had weight measuring up to 100 pounds. The females are believed to have weighed much less, approximately 50 pounds. The body of Aus tralopithecus africanus is comparable to that of A. afarensis only that it had longer arm and shorter legs (McHenry, 1998). This paper seeks to describe Australopithecus africanus according to: the origins or where the fossils were discovered; identify the range of places they are located on the map; identify the individual who discovered them; the actual published time range that the specimen existed; and finally identify whether there are any controversy/issues/research challenges about them. Origins of Australopithecus africanus and the range of places they are found on the map The â€Å"first fossil of Australopithecus africanus was discovered in 1924 in South Africa by an Australian anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, named Raymond Dart† (Abitbol, 1995: 6). The fossil was discovered incased in limestone at a quarry in a placed called Tuang, South Africa. After it had been liberated from the limestone, the fossil resembled a young primate and thus was named â₠¬Å"Tuang Baby† (Green Gordon, 2008: 1). The location of fossils of Australopithecus africanus has mainly been in the southern Africa. These places include â€Å"sterkfontein, Makapansgat, gladysvale and Tuang† which are all located in South Africa (Aiello Dean, 1990: 56). Other areas where the fossils are believed to be located include around Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo in Ethiopia. The fossils discovered in Ethiopia had been categorized in another genus referred to as paraustralopithecus but were described as not being biologically valid and thus re-designated to A. africanus (Ferguson, 1987). Several other fossils have been discovered in other parts of Ethiopia and Tanzania but there have always been contentions on whether to classify them as new species or just call them A. africanus. Time range for the Australopithecus Africanus There are varying time ranges for the fossils of A. africanus discovered in different areas. According to Green Gordon, current data i ndicates that the fossils of A. africanus â€Å"date to between 2.85 and 2.0 million years† (2008: 3). This time range has been established by a combination of different measuring techniques particularly palaeomagnetism, electron spin resonance, faunal dating and uranium lead Pickering (McHenry, 1998).Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The â€Å"fossils from the Makapansgat have been found to date to between 2.85 and 2.58 million years; those from sterkfontein dates to between 2.58 and 2.00 million years and gladysvale dates to between 2.4 and 2.0 million years† (Abitbol, 1995: 5). The time range for the fossils from Tuang has been more challenging to determine and is currently being investigated at the University of Witwatersrand (McKee, 2000: 76). Individuals who discovered the A. africanus fossils The original Australopithecus africanus fossils found in Tuang, South Africa were discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart who was one of the pioneers of paleoanthropology (Aiello Dean, 1990). At the time of the discovery there were rejections from other paleoanthropologists who held a strong believed that any human ancestors must be found in Europe. The Makapansgat A. africanus fossils were discovered by James Kitching who was one of the researchers working with Dart (McKee, 2000). According to Ferguson the fossils discovered in Makapansgat valley were originally called A. Prometheus but were later included in a single taxon (Australopithecus Africanus) (1987: 36). The fossils at sterkfontein were originally discovered by Dr Robert Broom in 1935. Controversy/issues/research challenges about Australopithecus Africanus The controversies surrounding A. africanus have been around since the first discovery of its fossils in Tuang, South Africa. The material was first rejected by several anthropologists who likened it to a young gorilla or chimpanzee (McHenry, 1998). In those days it was a perquisite that any human ancestor should have an â€Å"enlarged brain and an apelike jaw† and thus the hominid fossils of A. africanus were rejected. Many researchers asserted that the â€Å"Tuang child† could have grown into a chimpanzee (McKee, 2000: 103). There has been a major debate concerning the limbs of A. africanus. The challenge has mainly focused on how to â€Å"interpret the locomotor implications of the australopith postcranial anatomy† (Green Gordon, 2008: 2). Some scholars have asserted that the more apelike features possessed by the A. africanus should be viewed as adaptations. Others have rejected this allegation claiming that climbing did not form a significant part of the australopith locomoter repertoire (Abitbol, 1995). According to Green Gordon it is further difficult to link the evolutionary history of this hominid to that of the earlier Australopithecus afarensis (2008, p. 3). A. afarensis is seen to poss ess limb size proportions that are comparable to those of modern man and yet it is older and more primitive than A. africanus. The assertion that A. africanus has more apelike proportions has prompted the carrying out of several studies to shed more light on that. In one study it was found that A. africanus had more human like hands though the overall proportion of limbs was more apelike than A. afarensis. However, such studies have been limited been the limited number of samples that can be of any statistical significance (Abitbol, 1995).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Australopithecus africanus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are other perennial controversies surrounding the africanus material that is viewed differently by different groups. According to McKee some individuals often look at this hominid as being a â€Å"regional variation or subspecies of the A. afarensis, some look at as being a comp letely different species† (2000: 7). The variations in the africanus fossils has led to the un ending debate on whether this represented more than one species, a sexually dimorphic species, or a very variable species particularly when the intra-era speculation is considered (Aiello Dean, 1990). Conclusion This paper sought to describe Australopithecus africanus according to: the origins or where the fossils were discovered; identify the range of places they are located on the map; identify the individual who discovered them; the actual published time range that the specimen existed; and finally identify whether there are any controversy/issues/research challenges about them. It has been established that A. Africanus is was the immediate ancestor of modern man and existed between 2 to 3 million years ago. The fossils were mainly discovered in South Africa by a research team headed by Dr Raymond Dart (Ferguson, 1987). It has also been established that there is a lot of controve rsy mainly surrounding the proportion of its limbs. Works Cited Abitbol, Malhotra. â€Å"Reconstruction of the STS 14 (Australopithcus africanus) pelvis.†Ã‚  American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1995): 143-58. Print. Aiello, Imre and Collins Dean. An Introduction to Human evolution Anatomy. London: Academic Press, 1990. Ferguson, Walter. â€Å"Revision of the Subspecies of Australopithecus Africanus.† Primates  (1987): (2): 258-265. Print.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Green, David and Adam Gordon. â€Å"Metacarpal propotions in the Australopithecus africanus .† Journal of Human evolution (2008): 705-719. Web. McHenry, Hillary. â€Å"Body proportions in Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus and the origin of the genus Homo.† Journal of Human Evolution (1998): (35) 1-22. Print. McKee, James. The Riddled Chain – Chance, Coincidence, and Chaos in Human  Evolution. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press., 2000. Print. This report on Australopithecus africanus was written and submitted by user Nova Maxwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The Definition of Market and Some Marketing Resources

The Definition of Market and Some Marketing Resources A market is any place where sellers of particular goods or services can meet with buyers of those goods and services. It creates the potential for a transaction to take place. The buyers must have something they can offer in exchange for the product to create a successful transaction.   There are two main types of markets  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ markets for goods and services and markets for the factors of production. Markets can be classified as perfectly competitive, imperfectly competitive or monopolies, depending on their features. Terms Related to Market A  free market economy  is dictated by supply and demand. Free refers to the lack of governmental control over price and production.   Market failure occurs when an imbalance exists between supply and demand. More of a product is produced than is demanded, or more of a product is demanded than is produced.   A complete market is one that has components in place to address virtually any eventual circumstance.   Resources on Market   Here are a few starting points for research on market if youre writing a term paper or maybe just trying to educate yourself because youre contemplating launching a business.   Good books on the subject include the  Dictionary of Free-Market Economics,  by Fred E. Foldvary. It is literally a dictionary encompassing just about any term you might encounter dealing with free market economics.   Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market  is by Murray N. Rothbard. Its actually two works gathered in one tome explaining Austrian economic theory.   Democracy and the Market  by Adam  Przeworski  discusses economic rationality as it relates to and interacts with democracy. Journal articles on market that you may find enlightening and useful include  The Econometrics of Financial Markets,  The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty  and the Market Mechanism, and  Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. The first is offered by Cambridge University Press and was  written by three economics scholars to address empirical finance.   The Market for Lemons  is written by  George A. Akerlof  and is available on the JSTOR website. As the title implies, this paper discusses the various rewards for sellers who produce and market merchandise and products that are, quite simply, of poor quality. One might  think manufacturers would avoid this like the plague ... but maybe not.   Capital Asset Prices is also available from JSTOR, initially published in the Journal of Finance in September 1964. But its theories and principles have stood the test of time. It discusses the challenges inherent in being able to predict capital markets. Admittedly, some of these works are very highbrow and may be difficult for those just wading into the area of economics, finance, and market to digest. If youd like to get your feet a little wet first, here are some offerings from ThoughtCo. to explain some of these theories and principles in plain English like how markets use information to set prices, the role of the market, and the effects of a black market using supply and demand. Sources Foldvary, Fred E. Dictionary of Free-Market Economics. Hardcover, Edward Elgar Pub, December 1, 1998. Murray N. Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market, Scholars Edition. Joseph T. Salerno (Introduction), Paperback, 2nd edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, May 4, 2011. Przeworski. Democracy and the Market. Studies in Rationality and Social Change, Cambridge University Press, July 26, 1991.

Equality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equality - Essay Example One account of egalitarian justice proponents argues that equality is concerned with ensuring that a society receives equal shares of resources (Kaufman, 1). Analyzing this argument provides a contra view. For example; a person with a large body is not treated equally when given the same amount of food with a person with a much smaller body. This is becauise persons will vary in transforming the foods into their well being. Equality cannot therefore mean giving the same portions of resources to two unequal people, because that would be discriminating against one of them depending on the ability to transform the resources. Felipe and Lustig (33) argue that there is a need to invest more in education of the unskilled laborers by giving the unskilled worker higher wages that would make them to invest in education thus reducing the un equality in education that results to inequality in income. This might not lead to equality in that those with skilled labor would be still earning the same or more as the unskilled people seek education to bridge the gap. At the end of the day, the skilled workers will have higher education and be more skilled, which will translate to more earnings. This can therefore not lead to equality, but the gap between the two still persists. Ruxton (163) explains that inequality in gender between men and women results to poverty in the society and other factors. Therefore, according to Ruxton, gender equality can be prevented through making rural women more financially independent. This would imply that two people of opposite genders having the same level of wealth are equal. The problem with this argument as Ruxton (164) further elaborates is that the difference between the genders is mostly cultivated at the cultural level and no amount of wealth can delete these gender stereotypes. Therefore, this would not result to equality, since it is a

Unit 3 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Unit 3 Discussion Board - Essay Example Every product goes through a particular life cycle and the strategy that must be applied will differ in each instance. For instance, during the early stages, company strategy must focus upon achieving competitiveness through judicious pricing, heavy marketing and expenses on R&D. During the later declining stage of the product life cycle, the emphasis is on broadening the product line and avoiding price cuts.(Wasson, 1974). On the basis of a product’s market share and growth based upon its life cycle, the BCG places the product portfolio of a Company into four different quadrants of a matrix, with the relative market share of the product ranked along the X axis and product growth ranked along the Y axis. Businesses in each quadrant will have significantly different tendencies to consume or generate cash. The appliances division of my Company has been placed in the upper right quadrant of the matrix, which represents the wildcat or question mark. This suggests that the division has a negative cash flow, requiring â€Å"large cash inputs that it cannot generate itself.† (Henderson, 1979, p166). Wildcat ventures are often fledgling operations and offer the promise of future generation of revenue. The major aspect to be addressed in the case of the appliances division is thus market share. Since the products may typically have a low market share because they are not well known, the recommended strategy would be to introduce a competitive price for the product as compared to similar products already in the market. It is also recommended that an aggressive advertising and promotional campaign is implemented, in order to increase sales of the product and improve its market share. In the event the market share of the product does not improve, then it may turn into a â€Å"dog† or become unproductive, and before that happens it is better to sell off the products or close up the division. Woo and Cooper (1980) have points

Early American history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early American history - Assignment Example They believed that if they could convert them, then it would reduce the likelihood of resistance. During this time, they became successful and the church grew stronger. Every component of colonial life felt its presence. The conversion of Indians was an advantage to the Spanish and played right into their hands. The new political structure, religion and societal difference made it difficult for the natives to have control over themselves instead found that they were the second-class citizens in their own land. Having converted the natives to Spanish cultures, they had the upper hand in controlling the American economy (Weisman, JoAnne and Deitch 34). With the new political and societal structures in place, new labor systems were introduced to replace those previously used by the natives. The Spanish held the belief that the Indies will exist as long as the Indians exist. The Spanish held the idea of exploiting the Indians. They would make them work in the mines and sugar plantations to acquire wealth to send to their country. The labor systems would ensure constant labor without resistance. They implemented this in order for them to collect taxes and for the tribute to be paid to the crown by the natives. The labor systems were implemented to ease in the management of the workforce. The systems were varied and improved with time. With religion and these systems in place, the Spanish were able to take control of America (Hickling 342). The Spanish introduced several labor systems in order to exploit the natural riches/resources. They used the heads of specific indigenous groups called the encomendero. This was system was called encomiendas. The head in exchange for protection and payment would command from the Indians, tribute and manual labor. The other system was the repartamientos. This system was later abolished except for mining. With realization that temporary and

Introduction In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Introduction In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Nowadays, due to technology in the hospitality industry improvement has been seen in all departments of the hotel service. In hospitality industry due to the latest trend of KONEKT V4 application we would reach through the customer in one click. The one more application is Dash Board application in which the customer can tell the name and number and to make their table reserved. And also by using Google, Iphone, Ipad system customer sitting at home can search any hotels, restaurant and resorts in which they can make their booking in advance. Due to increase in hotel industry managers lower their prices to stimulate sales when demand is low and rise during peak demands. In future hotel industry will focus on emotional and psychological needs. Medium sized hotels will merge with five star or seven star grading hotels. Another trends will be fusion cuisine where there is a mixture of eastern food with westerns ones to impress the public with new experiences. All managers have the responsibilities to understand human resources. They are also responsible to implement strategies, plans and motivate people to meet objectives of the organization. They are responsible to analysis data and make decision that benefits the company. The economic environment is very unpredictable and implementing change processes for each organization to make progress. Globalization and technology are the two main factors that drove the change in todays organizations. . In todays world to succeed in businesses become stronger, more flexible and customer-oriented. Staff turnover is a serious for manager in the hotel especially if u have to give the consistent service. The goal of our hotel is on exceptional customer service that will exceed customer expectations. The nature of the service, strategies for improvement, and understand the customers perception of having that is very popular among researchers over the past two decades (for examples, leonard and sasser, 1982; lockwood, 1996; johns and lee-ross, 1998). Increases the other hand, the growing economic importance of the service sector in many countries has been in quality initiatives including guided centrally based European Foundation for Quality Management. Many hospitality, tourism organization have taken this challenge focuses on customer orientation employee performance in the interface, the recognition of the centrality of meeting service (Breen and Liddy, 1998). By this definition, customer / employee interviews have the potential for conflicts. In a service context that feeling cannot be met exactly, but it provides a cautionary note for Service Manager, because the customers perception of product quality connection often depends on the interaction between customers and employees. The hotel has a very long history, but not as we know it today, back in the 6th Century began to develop BC, when the first inn in and around the city of London. The first match for travelers, offering them a simple roof to stay. This condition of the hotel was long before the industrial revolution in England, the new ideas and developments made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in the field to keep the inn. The invention of the steam engine to travel even more important. Who had more and more people are traveling not only for business but also for the sake of recreation. This will lead to the actual development of the hotel industry, as we know it today. Hotel today not only provide the basic needs of customers, such as food and shelter much more personalized services such as hotels, etc. are now a home away from home. There is evidence of the hotels and restaurants, since biblical times, when Mary and Joseph arrived in Bethlehem collected during the census. As shown in the Bible, Mary and Joseph had accommodation as it is. There is no room in the inn Since the beginning of time, people have traveled for business, religion, immigration, health, education, and recreation. As Texas Tech University, the mention of hospitality from the Latin root word meaning host or hospice. The University is also noted that the first hotel except private homes open to the public. Most, unfortunately, had a bad reputation. Under the influence of the Roman Empire and breakfast and hotels to satisfy the pleasure traveler began in an attempt to encourage visitors. The pressure was recorded in America in 1607 and paved the way for the first time many other things in the hospitality industry. The hotel is the first of the public (City Hotel), owned by New York opened in 1792. (Buffalo Statler. 1908.) Change in the hospitality industry, which has made it more practical and functional in the world! Types of services and facilities that are offered by the major industry and has emerged from the past decade. All this is possible thanks to the spread of technology, eco-friendly services, prices, market department, regional preferences, etc. in the field of technology and hospitality to strengthen in the years to come. The use of technology is present in each department of the hotel, the services offered by the update. Keeping the entire latest trend in the memory of the hospitality industry, KONEKT V4 application that you would definitely want to explore. This is the application that will help you reach your customers in one click. The main attraction is the dashboard application. Is an unconventional marketing tracker is sensitive facts giving minute to give you the latest campaigns and activities conducted by you. The time, name and number of customers who liked your Facebook page, make your table reservation, you asked for any questions or comments about your application also can track comments on the same page! CRM systems can increase the advertising campaigns for events, and you can send newsletters to customers core and build your brand. This system helps in all the digital platform and database that can help in getting the more and more customer to generate the revenue this type of system are comfortable to integrate with the old database which can help in single database. It works perfectly with the iPhone and iPad systems. Constructed so as to make you lose any opinion or report, even when youre away! Travelers increasingly will turn to their mobile devices not only research accommodation and travel options, but to book and communicate directly with the hotel options. Booking mobile channel has been multiplied by four between 2008 and 2010 according to Forrester Research. Revenue management has changed since the days it was first introduced by the airline industry in 1970 to be a complex science today. Managers always lowering prices to stimulate sales when demand is low and prices have risen during periods of peak demand. Hotels are now able to update prices for all future arrival dates to meet the market demands every day, through the application of advanced market information. Travel Click has reported passenger demand and visualize group bookings a year in advance. In addition, the Smith Travel Research reports that will soon provide information by looking at future bookings, rather than historical figures that. (By Robert A. Rauch, CHA) .A capsule hotel is a type of hotel, developed in Japan, which is a large number of very small rooms (capsules) cheap and easy accommodation for guests who do not require offers the services of more conventional hotel services offered. A condo hotel, also known as the hotel-condo or a Condotel, is a building used as a hotel and two condominium. Condo hotels are usually high-rise buildings developed and operated as luxury hotels in major cities and resorts in general. These residential units which allow someone to have a holiday full service. Ice hotel is also a great example of todays hospitality innovation. An ice hotel is generally made up of snow, sculpted blocks of ice, and, in some cases, some steel from these type hotels are generally sponsored by a single owner and feature a luxuries facilities to the traveler who are interested in unique novelties and unusual Environment and thus are in the class of destination hotels. A lobby is often filled with ice sculptures, and food and beverages specially chosen for the circumstances. A Turbaza is, generally the Soviet era, the Russian form of cheap, spartan, holiday, a visit or a base camp tour. Turbazas are generally rented to groups or companies who rent the entire facility for holiday accommodation Oops for their members or employees. They are gene rally rustic located in rural areas that offer outdoor recreation. Eat, sleep, and often is housed in a large open space and common. Gueridon a form of service in restaurants food service to their customers is provided. This type of service includes the preparation of food (mainly salads, main dishes such as beef stroganoff, or desserts) in direct view of the customer, with a round table. A table usually consists of a trolley equipped for cooking, preparing and serving food. There is a gas stove, cutting board, cutlery drawer, cold room region and for general working capital. The hotel industry is in the midst of a transformation that affects virtually all aspects of the industry and its stakeholders. Essences the transformation of the hotel industry is changing its approach to concentrate more focused on the customer and brand incentive. Product and support services are developed around the perceived needs and desires of the customer for customer satisfaction. In the future, the focus will be customer focused to a level that transcends medical examinations. It will focus on the emotional and psychological needs and wants more precisely defined target audience. Hotels then use this knowledge to market a wide range of products and services through strong brands to a loyal customer for life. Some ramifications of changes will be made as reserves, trading activities and high taste information will be more automated. There will be a greater personal guest of technology accurate and fast service. Medium sized hotels will be taken by brand chain like the Sheraton, Holiday Inn, Ramada, etc. while location will be the priority to choose a hotel by future traveler, brand names will be the next preference. Another aspect of future trends would be fusion of cuisines. The French started this trend with the Nouvelle Cuisine mixing eastern food products with western ones. Fusions restaurant will grow as the new adventurous public will search for new gastronomic experiences. (Sudhir Andrews, 2009) In the hotel managers are responsible for all management of human resources, or as appropriate, all managers have the responsibility to understand their human resources. When providing services to our clients, our primary resource is our people, our workers, our employees. Successful hospitality managers must be able to work with people. We need to develop guidance of people in our management approach. As a manager with responsibilities for human resources, your concern is that people of their needs, wants, and desires fit the needs and desires of the hotel company. We define managers as the implementation of strategies, plans and programs to attract, motivate, develop, reward and retain the best people to meet the objectives of the organization. Mike Hurst also emphasizes the role of management changes over management in the past and in conduit. The hospitality is based on the gift of friendship friendly people who care; it has become imperative in a service management concentrate on the benefits to the people and his style. The managers of today have earned a place of respect for their contribution to organizational value. The contemporary role of managers with the human resources responsibilities is a critical one to any hospitality organization. Most of the people spends more than one-third of their waking hours at their jobs, and as a manager you will make the decision that affects and influence the lives, dreams, goals and ambitions of these individual and their families. Manager in the hospitality industry participate in strategic planning sessions, understand financial documents relating to the work and the bottom line. Many managers in the host organization is part of the management team. The managers role is more important than ever before in the hospitality industry. It is up to us to keep management informed of what their needs and desires of people to be productive, and to be faithful. (Mary L. Tanke, 2000) The globalization of labor and continuing advances in technology are changing the way the labor market. Knowledge workers are known for their special properties. These are people who analyze, synthesize and evaluate information to solve different problems. Knowledge workers actually use their intelligence, ideas, products, services and processes to implement. Youre most important asset of an organization is its ability to collect and analyze data and make decisions that benefit company. (Jyothi, 2010) Technology has had a positive effect on the internal processes of an organization, but also changed the way the work of the HR staff. Some managers in the hospitality industry will see the application of technologies to operational issues as a problem. It is true that technological systems used in the bar, front office, restaurants, etc. much more advanced and complex than those currently available only for a short time, continue to grow, these systems quickly. The approval of the computer and other technologies from all levels of an organization is a major challenge in view of the sponsoring organizations. For example, if the systems are updated and new technologies have made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the workers struggle to adapt. (Hayes, 2009) The economic environment is very unpredictable and implementing change processes for each organization to make progress. Globalization and technology are the two main factors that drove the change in todays organizations. Globalization has opened new doors for business opportunities. It has led to many interventions, but also for how reform, reorganization, merger, downsizing, etc., in order to succeed, companies need to make these changes that have taken place with staff to manage the challenges occur. Change Management Sun is working smoothly for the vital organization. (Bohlander G. a., 2009) Due to the shortage of workers in the industry and the defection of customers of the quality of service that is affected. If the workload increases the performance of the employee moves. By too much work pressure, reduces the employees performance and, in turn, affects the quality of service. It is very important to overcome the various challenges faced by the organization to success. Company is now a day to develop the human resource functions, because the meaning of HRM has been seen in the highly competitive market that exists today. To succeed, businesses become stronger, more flexible and customer-oriented. Hr after for these changing market trends is adjusted. (Karan, 2009). Turnover of staff is vital to the hotel, especially if you have a high quality hotel as us. The goal of our hotel on outstanding customer service to exceed the expectations of customers, and therefore we are investing heavily in our people. High rate of staff turnover has an immediate impact in the hospitality industry, particularly in the areas of customer service, and we cannot afford to lose an employee. The rate of staff turnover in the hotel industry in general higher than in other sectors. (Jason C. Cho, 14 June 2011) The hotel industry has a high turnover, which decreases productivity and costs companies time and resources. A number of factors affect the fluctuation in the hotel and one of the reasons is ineffective in recruiting. Identify many hotels and difficult to recruit the right people. Hotel staff need advanced knowledge of beverages, which are difficult to measure for recruiters during the interview. However, recruiters develop recruitment strategies that will identify the best opportunities and recruit the best workers. Do you understand what a candidate looking at the recruitment stage can help the hotel staff turnover. (Rose Johnson, 2008) To overcome this turnover to keep in mind a bit. What help reduce turnover? Understanding why employees leave. Each organization should carry out a confidential interview face to face with the human resource managers (except the head). Benchmark your company against industry and current location. Set advanced development policies clear and transparent and fair. If an employee believes that they are not promoting their role and career development has no control, after a while you will start to look externally for new mail. Develop effective policies in the workplace and maintain a positive culture. In future there will be not much problems for managers and service due to the use of present technology. The main job of service manager is to understand the problems between customer and employee about services they give. There will be more and more modern equipment used in hotels which will decrease the training on kitchen manager and restaurant managers. Due to increase in hotel industry managers lower their prices to stimulate sales when demand is low and rise during peak demands. They are also responsible to implement strategies, plans and motivate people to meet objectives of the organization. They are responsible to analysis data and make decision that benefits the company. The hotel industry has a high turnover, which decreases productivity and costs companies time and resources.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE US WHEAT INDUSTRY :: essays research papers

The US wheat industry demonstrates how integration across the food chain can raise efficiency. At the beginning of the century, it was much like what India is today. It was fragmented, with a proliferation of small regional markets. There was no standard grading system; each state had its own informal grades. Farmers, although large, were exploited by traders, who often bought wheat at low prices by claiming that it was poor or that demand was weak. The storage, handling, and transport infrastructure was limited. The result was high intermediary margins, a dearth of accurate market signals to producers, waste, and low processing yields. Today, however, the US industry is the benchmark for efficiency in grain processing and procurement. Its farmers produce 36 bushels per acre, one of the highest yields in the world, and its millers achieve flour extraction levels of 75 percent. Its average waste level of 2 percent is the lowest in the world, and well ahead of the 8 to 11 percent in I ndia. Large, integrated grain processors such as Cargill and Archer Daniel Midland (ADM) played a central role in this transformation. They have influenced all parts of the chain – agricultural inputs, agricultural production, procurement, and processing – and in so doing have been able to build profitability in a low-margin business. Agricultural inputs - Cargill has developed high-yielding seed varieties that are resistant to disease and pests, raising productivity and reducing the need for agrochemicals. Agricultural production - Large, integrated processors have established joint ventures with farmers’ cooperatives and provided marketing support, access to credit, and extension services. ADM, for example, works with Growmark, a cooperative of 175,000 farmers, to encourage them to use better seed varieties and improve farming practices. Procurement - Integrated companies have invested in upstream infrastructure to streamline procurement. ADM owns almost 200 grain elevators in which grain is stored according to moisture content, grade, and dockage (impurities). The elevators allow incoming streams of wheat to be blended to achieve uniformity of grade and functional characteristics. ADM also owns almost 1,900 barges, 800 trucks, and 130,000 railcars for the rapid movement of grain. All loading and unloading is done using pneumatic blowers. Investment in infrastructure enables companies like ADM to achieve waste levels as low as 1 to 2 percent. Integrated companies have also influenced grain marketing. They played a key role in the development of grading systems and the standardization of grades in 1916.

Vincor International Analysis

Vincor International goal is to become one of the top five wine companies in the world in terms of earnings. In order to attain this goal they have implemented a corporate strategy that focuses on using their existing powerful position in market to help them developing sales, marketing, distribution capabilities on an international scale. The strategy also includes acquiring new wineries and wine brands in new emerging region in the wine market also called â€Å"New World regions†(Vincor, 2005) throughout the world. More precisely Vincor International strategy for growing the market shares involved the six following strategic actions: â€Å"(1) emphasizing the development, sales and marketing of wines in the fastest growing segments of the market, particularly the premium wine segments; (2) continuing to participate in the premium wine category through the development of premium brands that we own; (3) expanding the sales and distribution reach of our brands into regions which are supportive of New World wines; (4) continuing to complete acquisitions of premium branded wine companies in New World wine regions; (5) expanding the supply of premium grapes and, in particular, Canadian grapes to satisfy the growing demand for premium VQA wines; and (6) developing ice-wine into an international luxury product, capitalizing on the reputation of Inniskillin. † (Vincor, 2005) As for the â€Å"New world† (Vincor, 2005) expansions, Vincor strategic actions involve in growing in earnings are to improve operating income by acquiring new wineries and rationalizing and integrating the operations. This will also permits the expansion of the company’s product line and the expansion of the company’s currents brands by providing new distribution opportunities. Porter’s Five Forces Model Risk of Entry by potential competitors: Vincor International should not be overly threatened by the entry of potential competitors in their market. This is because the wine industry is a market with significantly high barriers of entry. In order to start a successful wine producing business a company needs significantly large capital investments. Given the complexity of the wine industry a strong knowledge is also needed in order to produce quality wine on par with competitors and understanding the market. Finally a new entrant will also be faced with a lengthy process in order to begin its business, licensing procedures and requirement are long and land and vineyard preparations make it for a prolonged initial production. Hence given these multiple obstacles the threat of new entrants for Vincor International is described as low. Intensity of rivalry among established firms: According to the Vincor International information form â€Å"the international wine industry is intensely competitive†. (Vincor International, 2005) This means that there is a lot of producers around the world that competes for shelf space and consumers taste. The rivalry is intense, the businesses in this market need to competitive on price, quality, brand recognition and/or distribution. The leading drivers in the wine industry that will be making the product stand out seem to be product quality. The Intensity of rivalry among established firms is described as high. Bargaining power of buyers: Vincor international have sales around the world and their principal buyers are consumers, wholesalers, government liquor boards and retail stores. When selling directly to consumers and retail stores the bargaining power lays with the buyer because there are so many wines to chose from. As for wholesales and government liquor board the bargaining power of buyer is even stronger because there are so few of them and there is a lot of wine to choose from. Hence, the bargaining power of buyers for Vincor International is very high and the company needs to find innovative ways and strategy to attract and keep its buyers. Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers all depends on the main product of wine, hence the wine grapes. It’ll rely on the relationship of demand and supply and demand of those wine grapes for the season. For instance if the grapes or having a good season and there is an unlimited amount of quality grapes then the bargaining power will rely with the buyer, hence the bargaining power of suppliers will be low for this particular season. However if the weather is not cooperating during the growth and there is a limited amount of grapes available to the buyer than the bargaining power will lay with the supplier and will be assessed to high for that season. Therefore the bargaining power of suppliers can change from season to season depending on the availability of quality grapes. It is also important to point out the bargaining power of supplier will also vary with the kind of wine produce, one kind of grape needed for a particular kind of wine can be abundant but another type of grape needed for a different type can be scarce. A good knowledge of the industry and weather can help a wine producer better manage the uncertainty of the bargaining power of suppliers from season to season. Vincor as tried to minimize the bargaining power by having owning their own vineyard and wineries so they supply their own grapes however they still buy 35% of their needed grapes from suppliers. Threat of substitutes: In the wine industry, the companies are faced with a vast variety of substitute. Basically any alcohol beverages from beer to champagne are a threat of substitutes. Depending on consumers taste wine can lose costumer shares to any other drinks. When a consumer as no particular taste preference for wine and consumer will chose another form of alcoholic beverage, a cheaper form if they are a price driven. Hence the threat of substitutes is assessed to high in the wine industry. Impact of the Macro-environment on Vincor International Vincor International is greatly affected by its political and legal environment because they are producing and selling a controlled substance. Hence in order to produce and sell wine Vincor must follow rules and regulations implemented by the country they are doing business in. Those rules and regulations includes how they produce their product, the distribution channels they utilize, where they sale their product, who they sale their product to and many other restrictions they must obey to. Also since Vincor is an international company it is also affected by the export policy of their home country but also the import policy of the country where they are selling their product. Any changed in taxes, currency value and economic changes in any country where they do business in will likely affect their revenue stream and operations. Another force affecting this market would be the changing demographic. The consumers are growing older and new consumers enter the market, hence the wine industry is faced with a changing age demographic. Wine has seen a increased in popularity in the younger generation however they have different tastes and it is important for Vincor to keep track of these trends and to adapt to the change in tastes of the changing demographic in order to stay competitive. Technological forces also affects Vincor International because the quality of the product plays an important role in their competitive advantage. Therefore they always have to keep up to date on new technology that would improve their wine quality. Technology can also help respond other changes in the outside environment, as we will see in the impact of social forces. Therefore the technological changes and new innovation must be taken into serious consideration to stay competitive. The social force that would most affect the wine industry including Vincor International would have to be one of the biggest social movements of the last decade, which is the shift towards a healthy lifestyle. (Hill, 2007) Health consciousness is not a positive thing for the wine industry because alcohol is perceived to be armful to your health. This is why it is important for Vincor to have a strategy to respond to this threat. Many companies in this industry have taken several approach to respond to this health trend and redefined competition. Strategies have been ranging from funding research to demonstrate the health benefits that comes from consuming wine to producing organic wine and even going as far as developing new wine production processes that aims at lowering the alcohol level in wine and calling it the â€Å"healthy wine†. (Sperling, 2010) On the national level the wine industry including Vincor International will be influence by the macroeconomic forces influencing Canada. The industries will most likely be affected by the growth rate of the economy and currency exchange. Since Canada has a currently good economy and the dollar is going strong Vincor is most likely experience an expansion of customer expenditures leading to less competitive pressure because Canadian customer are not currently struggling financially they are more likely to spend money on non essential items like wine. However the raise in the Canadian dollar compared to the US dollar will work against Vincor International’s exports business. A rising dollar will discourage other countries to import Canadian products because they now have to pay more for them. As for the global forces influencing the wine industry, globalization would have to be the main force. The falling barriers to international trade and investment have permitted Vincor international to grow their domestic market further than the United States and Mexico but also to Europe and other markets. Vincor International is therefore part of a global marketplace reaching a much greater consumer base but also leaving room for more intense competition from all the other international wine producers.

Free Essays on History Of United States Coinage

Thesis: Coins have been around for many years, they have had changing mints, designs, and variety's which have all been represented by past events and Presidents. I. Locations of mints in the United States. A. Cities of United States mints. 1. The number one mint in the U.S. is San Fransico. 2. The number two mint in the U.S. is Denver. 3. The number three mint in the U.S. is Philadelphia. B. The United States mint standards. II. Pennies, Nickels, and Dimes in the United States Coinage. A. Pennies are also know as the one-cent coin. 1. The large cent is the earliest dated penny. 2. The Indian Head half copper, half nickel cent was minted for six years. 3. The Two-cent piece was minted for nine years. 4. The later Indian Head penny was minted for 44 years. 5. The steel cent was only made in 1943 B. Nickels were the five cent-piece in the U.S. . 1. The Racketeer nickel was minted only in 1883. 2. The Liberty nickel was minted for 30 years. 3. The Buffalo nickel was minted for 25 years. 4. The Wartime nickel was minted for three years. C. Dimes were the ten cent-piece in the U.S. . 1. The Seated Liberty dime was minted for 54 years. 2. The Mercury dime was minted for 29 years. III. Quarters, Half dollars, and Dollar coins in the U.S. Coinage. A. The Standing Liberty Quarter was minted for 14 years. B. The half dollar is worth two quarters in the U.S. . 1. The Walking Liberty half dollar was minted for 31 years. 2. The Franklin half dollar was minted for 15 years. 3. The Silver Kennedy half dollar was only minted in 1964. 4. The Bicentennial Kennedy half dollar was minted for one year. C. The Silver dollar was the most admired coin in the U.S. Mint. 1. The Morgan Silver dollar was minted for 43 years. 2. The Peace Silver dollar was minted for 14 years. 3. The Eisenhower Silver dollar was minted for seven years. 4. The Bicentennial Silver dollar was minted for one year. ... Free Essays on History Of United States Coinage Free Essays on History Of United States Coinage Thesis: Coins have been around for many years, they have had changing mints, designs, and variety's which have all been represented by past events and Presidents. I. Locations of mints in the United States. A. Cities of United States mints. 1. The number one mint in the U.S. is San Fransico. 2. The number two mint in the U.S. is Denver. 3. The number three mint in the U.S. is Philadelphia. B. The United States mint standards. II. Pennies, Nickels, and Dimes in the United States Coinage. A. Pennies are also know as the one-cent coin. 1. The large cent is the earliest dated penny. 2. The Indian Head half copper, half nickel cent was minted for six years. 3. The Two-cent piece was minted for nine years. 4. The later Indian Head penny was minted for 44 years. 5. The steel cent was only made in 1943 B. Nickels were the five cent-piece in the U.S. . 1. The Racketeer nickel was minted only in 1883. 2. The Liberty nickel was minted for 30 years. 3. The Buffalo nickel was minted for 25 years. 4. The Wartime nickel was minted for three years. C. Dimes were the ten cent-piece in the U.S. . 1. The Seated Liberty dime was minted for 54 years. 2. The Mercury dime was minted for 29 years. III. Quarters, Half dollars, and Dollar coins in the U.S. Coinage. A. The Standing Liberty Quarter was minted for 14 years. B. The half dollar is worth two quarters in the U.S. . 1. The Walking Liberty half dollar was minted for 31 years. 2. The Franklin half dollar was minted for 15 years. 3. The Silver Kennedy half dollar was only minted in 1964. 4. The Bicentennial Kennedy half dollar was minted for one year. C. The Silver dollar was the most admired coin in the U.S. Mint. 1. The Morgan Silver dollar was minted for 43 years. 2. The Peace Silver dollar was minted for 14 years. 3. The Eisenhower Silver dollar was minted for seven years. 4. The Bicentennial Silver dollar was minted for one year. ...

Organizational Diagnosis (OD) and Strategy Essay Example

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